The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay Example for Free

The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay The aftereffects of the test, nonetheless, don't hold fast to the immediate proportionality relationship anticipated in the speculation. In the speculation a zero an incentive for wire length is anticipated to actuate a zero an incentive for wire obstruction. Naturally, this ought to be the situation. Nonetheless, paying little mind to what straight line of relapse one inspects from the ones plotted, clearly the analysis shows the presence of electric obstruction in any event, when the wire has no length. This outcome is shown through the crossing point of the relapse bends with positive Y esteems. The zero length opposition fluctuates from 0. 02 to 0. 0578 ohms. The presence of blunders in the test, to be specific efficient ones, may help clarify the outcome. Mistakes The technique for the test contained a few blunders. A portion of those are apparent while inspecting the aftereffects of the investigation. Others are little, and didn't greatly affect the ultimate results. The most noticeable wellspring of mistake had to do with the presence of extra opposition in the circuit utilized. The metal wire utilized, since it wasnt a wire implied for electrical circuits, normally offered the best protection from flow stream. By and by, the associating wires likewise contained some unavoidable opposition. Moreover, the ammeter, and force gracefully additionally had some inward obstruction (the voltmeter did too, yet this is vital for the acquisition of precise voltage esteems). Since current moved through each one of those, the opposition esteems acquired didn't speak to exclusively the obstruction of the metal wire. This most likely clarifies the precise mistake foreshadowed in the end. The presence of opposition in different bits of mechanical assembly aside from the metal wire took into consideration the chance of obstruction in any event, when the metal wire would have no length. Another wellspring of mistake existed in the estimation of the wire length utilized in the circuit. The metal wire utilized was controlled to accept a straight structure. Notwithstanding, significantly after it was solidly appended to a table, it was not completely extended. In a portion of the cases, it might have bowed somewhat, making the complete wire length more noteworthy than what was estimated. This could have contributed some extra, and undesirable, protection from the wire. All things considered, a more drawn out wire offers more protection from current stream. Out and out, an expansion to the orderly overestimation of the obstruction of the metal wire likewise originated from this blunder source. In spite of the fact that irrelevant, some mistake could have sprung from the warming of the wire utilized. As current was permitted to move through the metal wire, molecules of the wire slammed into the electrons streaming, making the wire heat up. On the off chance that the wire werent permitted to chill off before another estimation was taken, at that point it would have represented extra protection from the resulting current streams, since obstruction ascends with temperature. Once more, the strategy utilized in this test took into account the presence of extra obstruction in the wire that was not considered. Enhancements considering the blunders noted, or for the need to consummate different examinations of a similar sort, upgrades to the technique can be advertised. Right off the bat, the mistake including the length of the metal wire could be limited in two different ways. Either a considerably more adaptable wire could be utilized for the recompense of a straighter metal wire, or a more prominent exertion could be made to extend the existent wire with the goal that it is significantly more straight. In the two different ways, the length estimated for the metal wire would be increasingly illustrative of the genuine length being utilized. Another improvement could manage limiting the presence of extra obstruction in the circuit other than that of the metal wire inspected. This should be possible in a few different ways. The interfacing wires utilized could be shorter, which means their opposition would be littler. A force flexibly and ammeter with littler inward protections could likewise be utilized. In both of the cases, extra opposition in the circuit would diminish, and the efficient blunder in obstruction limited. At long last, however not very fundamental, it is conceivable to improve the analysis by limiting obstruction contortions because of temperature increments. A basic way is hold up in any event 3 minutes between every current stream instigated through the wire. Along these lines, the entire circuit along with the wire itself would have the opportunity to chill off. Wire temperature would consequently not be a factor misshaping the opposition esteems being estimated, as it would be pretty much the equivalent in all estimations. All things considered, it might be that the contortions to obstruction esteems brought about by temperature increment are little to the point that this enhancement for the entire is useless. Another minor improvement to the technique would be the utilization of a switch. Along these lines, current stream could be started and halted on request (I. e. right away). It would be obviously important to utilize a switch that offers little obstruction. Something else, the current development of the circuit is ideal.

A marketing plan and analysis for a fictional company

An advertising plan and investigation for an anecdotal organization The Business name is IwishU. IwishU is another E-business that permits individuals to send cakes and roses to around United Kingdom. IwishU will permit to client place request through organization site (www.iwish.com) utilizing PC and web just as a site that permits orderingâ to happen anyplace on the planet. The organization was established by Sanjaya D. Wickramanayake and I will put away my own cash and my parents’ cash for this business. Achievement Factor The primary element of organization, Customer can make altered cake any way that they might want. A few people may show their enthusiasm for a specific picture from camera, others a structured picture or clients may have a welcome on their cake. Whatever client may decide,â customer can print any picture on cake.â Vision The organization will begin with a biggest vision. It is IwishU will offer clients the best blessing at the best cost and best time. Achievements Make marketable strategy. Lease a Building IwishU will purchase web area before opining Business’s site must be finished one month before opening. Business will be starting after field-tested strategy finished Search motor promoting will be a progressing cost after the dispatch. IwishU will be on promoting to make the IwishU site famous in first year. IwishU plans to be productive inside the main year of business. Business Logo Product and administration The organization will make most famous cake flavors, for example, chocolate, marble, and vanilla. Anyway different flavors accessible upon demand. Cake costs start at  £35 per serving for an essential plan and flavor. Cost will depend as per the weight and size of the cake. The IwishU will make altered cakes utilizing consumable printing framework. Redone cake will cost for client  £ 60 to  £75 because of cost of the icing printing. Our flower vendors get new cut blossoms from the entire vender. The blossoms will be wrapped and conveyed with ensured quality. Cost of blosso ms start at  £30 and cost will rely upon kind of blossoms and various sizes of courses of action. Organization is going to purchase blossoms from Oasis flower item in Newcastle upon Tyne. IwishU will have a thorough site that permits orderingâ to happen anyplace. Yet, our conveyance office is accessible just inside the United Kingdom. We are conveying our cakes and blossoms utilizing Royal mail Special Delivery or DHL expedited service. Client can follow their request on the web. IwishU has condition it is Orders ought to be put in any event two days before wanted date. Conveyance cost relies upon size and weight. In the event that client sends an utilizing illustrious mail conveyance framework cost is beginning from  £  £5.70 in any case client will pick DHL conveyance, administration cost is beginning from  £ 8.99. All requests will incorporate a welcome card as a free assistance. Market Analysis Target Audience IwishU will be focused at acquiring both the neighborhood (U K) clients and abroad clients. First objective of the IwishU is, snatch the north east clients since business will work in city of Newcastle. As indicated by (Office for National Statistics, 2010) ‘The North East had a populace of 2.6 million in mid-2008, an expansion of 1.3 percent since 2003.’ IwishU will concentrate on individuals who are utilizing in web in light of the fact that IwishU is an e-business it required PC with web association and essential PC information. As indicated by (Great Britain, National measurements, 2006) 46% percent family units with web get to. So it is acceptable market size for business. IwishU plan to advance this business in North east utilizing handouts as immediate advertising medium since individuals need printed pamphlet to bring home and read at their extra time, It help to depict our item draw up a rundown of item data and individuals anticipate that a certifiable organization should have printed deals papers in any case individual s dread purchasing an exorbitant items from an obscure online merchant.

Reading paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Understanding paper - Essay Example Be that as it may, most ladies think that its difficult to shed pounds, and on the off chance that they lose the weight, they discover it amazingly difficult to keep up a low weight. Poor taking care of propensities basically causes this. Be that as it may, this additionally applies to men. Most men battle to hold their weight under check while meaning to be progressively manly. In any case, a few men think that its open to having a lot of weight and partner weight with riches. This is generally in social orders where most rich individuals will in general be large contrasted with the destitute individuals. Weight is likewise associated with wellbeing with individuals with much weight being viewed as undesirable. An excess of weight is undesirable and ought to be stayed away from at all expense. Heftiness, which is an instance of an excessive amount of weight, causes the influenced to feel strange and brings down their confidence. Youngsters also are influenced by weight issues. Guard ians have an obligation to guarantee that their kids are of the suitable load by checking their eating regimens. Notwithstanding, the vast majority battle with weight issues, particularly the youngsters on account of the present dietary patterns. A great many people feed on inexpensive food and this is prove by the quantity of individuals in a cheap food inn whenever in towns. The present working patterns advance the undesirable eating regimens since individuals have constrained time to get ready suppers. During ends of the week and occasions, there are individuals who party more often than not and devour a lot of undesirable food. This also advances weight gain. The issue of weight reduction is influencing a high extent of the world’s populace, individuals are searching for routes out to diminish and look after weight. This makes such an article essential to peruse and put on more data about weight reduction, since it influences grown-up people, yet additionally youngsters. Consistently, individuals are keeping watch for better approaches to expand fat consuming and lessen weight. The expanded worry on weight and the quest for weight reduction strategies have pulled to my advantage and caused me to pick this

What Parents Need To Know To Help A Child Select A College

What Parents Need To Know To Help A Child Select A College by: John A. Byrne on February 06, 2015 | 0 Comments Comments 4,309 Views February 6, 2015Kelley Dean Idalene KesnerWhen Idalene Kesner was helping her high school-aged son select colleges, she insisted on one often overlooked factor. The dean of Indiana Universitys Kelley School of Business wanted to make sure that her son picked a business school with an assured admit option.It was one of several criteria she used to help guide her sons decision on which college to attend. Kesners checklist is a great resource for what parents need to know when looking through college websites and visiting campuses. You have to ask the right questions, she advises. Parents are often confused about the process. Im in the business and I know it well, but when my kids went through the process, even I found it confusing.No wonder, Kesner says that at Kelleys forthcoming Direct Admit Day later this month, some 1,600 people, including 1,000 p rospective students, have reserved seats for the Friday-through-Saturday event on Feb. 28.Besides picking a college with an assured admit option, she believes parents also need to dig deep on a schools placement statistics, the career development centers resources and involvement, as well as faculty engagement with students.YOU JUST NEVER KNOW WHEN A FRESHMAN IS GOING TO FALL DOWNBut on the insistence of an assured admit option, she felt so strongly about this that she steered her son away from one of the best undergraduate business programs in the world at the University of Virginias McIntire School of Commerce. Like many other colleges, McIntire requires already enrolled UVA students to apply only after completing at least two years and 54 hours of credits.The school assesses each applicant by their overall grade point average, grades on pre-requisite courses, the difficulty of the classes they have already taken, as well as demonstrated leadership skills. Of the 577 who applied t o McIntire last year, only 330 students got into the business program where the average GPA was 3.71.Having a direct admit program is my number one advice to parents sending their children to college because you dont know how your kid will perform in freshman year, she says. A single failing grade in one course could keep a student from majoring in business at many schools because the competition to get into many business programs is so severe.PARENT CHECKLIST: EXAMINE THOSE PLACEMENT STATISTICS CAREFULLYAfter all for many freshmen, going to college is the first time theyve lived away from home and their traditional support system. Theres no one to remind them to do their homework, attend classes, and engage in the community. You just never know when a freshman is going to fall down, she says.Applying directly gives a parent a good deal of assurance that their son or daughter will graduate with a business degreeif thats what they want to do, notes Kesner, whose son ultimately went t o Washington Universitys Olin School and started his own business upon graduation (she urged both her son and daughter to choose a school outside of Bloomington, IN, so they would experience another part of the country). Even if a student in that difficult transition year pulls lower-than-expected grades, most assured admit programs would put the student on notice before turning him or her away. At Kelley, we would put a student on probation if he doesnt do well. So if the person gets a few bad grades, he has time to fix it, she says.Parents also need to carefully examine the placement reports of a business school before sending their children to college, believes Kesner. Key questions she suggests asking: How successful is the school in placing its students? How many companies recruit on-campus? Is career services a voluntary add-on in a students senior year or it is integrated into the curriculum of the school? Page 1 of 212Â »

A Persuasive Thesis Statement On Youth And The Internet Essay

William Kandare Ms. Gallos English 3 May 18, 2015 A Persuasive Thesis Statement on Youth and the Internet Dangers of the Internet, Fact or Fiction? Today’s youth are tomorrow’s leaders. They are our future. So what kind of leaders are we creating? What affects the way our children grow up today? Popular opinion today says that excessive use of the internet is damaging to the youth of the world in many ways. One of the most significant beliefs is that kids today don’t exercise enough because they are on the computer all the time and that this will lead to a host of serious health problems including obesity but also other types of physical damage to the body such as â€Å"harmful impacts on their eyes, backs, and wrists† (Shields and Behrman). Another significant belief is that children are hurt emotionally because they become more isolated (Shields and Behrman). This would seem to imply that the future of our world was in jeopardy. But Even though spending too much time on the computer takes time away from exercise and social interactions, the popular belief that excessive use of the internet i s damaging today s youth is not accurate because the internet, including social media, allows youth to keep up with technology and its vast amounts of information while actually feeling more connected to the world, not isolated. Furthermore, this connection allows youth to participate more freely in the world around them giving them more power in the world (Castells). 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Book Review an Inconvenient Truth - 1464 Words

Book Review An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It By Al Gore Rodale Press, 2006. 328 pp. ISBN: 1-59486-567-1, $28.95 While the issue of climate change has been given worldwide attention since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, it has never been profoundly realized as impending or of great concern until publication of the book An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore, former vice president and former Democratic candidate for president of the United States. Beyond his prominent political identity, Al Gore is a longtime advocate of environmental protection who organized the first Congressional hearings on global warming in the late 1970s. In his first book, Earth in the Balance, he started†¦show more content†¦With humor, he compares their behavior to tobacco companies that have used propaganda techniques to deny the adverse effects of smoking. He quotes Upton Sinclair to satirize the behavior of the front groups and their sponsors: â€Å"It’s very hard to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on him not understanding it.† In his book, Gore unreservedly denounces the Bush administration. He argues that, with â€Å"100 percent agreement† among scientists, 57% of newspaper and magazine articles still question the fact of global warming. This figure, he explains, is the result of disinformation supplied by the Bush government, aiming to ignore environmental issues in order to obtain more economic profit. Gore is an effective lecturer who succeeds in arousing the readers’ fear and attention on the issue of environmental crisis. He provides the public an inside look at the relationship between human welfare and the ecological system. His persuasive presentation, however, conveys the message that there is no need to despair, because â€Å"we can do something about this† and we have the ability to solve this problem. He writes, â€Å"Each of us can become part of the solution: in the decisions we make on what we buy, the amount of electricity we use, the cars we drive and how we live our lives.† He adds that with humanShow MoreRelatedHum -102 - Week 1 - Humanities Today Paper871 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Humanities allows us to look at the past, the past will allow us to see what our future holds. This paper will examine how the study of humanities is differentiated between other modes of expression. The paper will also review examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, literature and film that reflect current socio-economics, technology and politics. Humanities Defined The study of humanity provides insight into how humans have developed culturally. 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Pneumothorax Springer International Publishing

Question: Write about thePneumothorax for Springer International Publishing. Answer: Introduction Pneumothorax is a condition in which there is uncoupling of lung from chest wall manifested as a result of abnormal air collection in the pleural space (Porpodis et al. 2014). It can occur as a result of trauma or can occur spontaneously. The common signs and symptoms of pneumothorax are shortness of breath and sudden onset of one-sided, sharp pain. In some cases, when there is a region of damaged tissue, the amount of air increases in the chest and a one-way valve is formed called tension pneumothorax. It can lead to serious low blood pressure and oxygen shortage. It is called collapsed lung or atelectasis. In the given case study, Mr. Leigh Richards is a 39 year old man who was admitted to the hospital after he met a high speed rally car accident hitting a tree and had left humerus fractured, subdural haematoma, left tibia and fibula and left pneumothorax. He was trapped in the car by cabin intrusion that caused pinning of his leg. The following essay deals with the understanding o f the pathophysiology, pharmacology and signs and symptoms of pneumothorax through Leigh Richardss case. Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax In the given case scenario, Leigh Richard was a restrained passenger in a rally car. He met an accident after the rally car hit the tree as he was driving at a high speed on a dirt road. He was trapped in the car by the cabin intrusion that resulted in pinning of the leg. The car was cut in order to free his leg and allowed for the inline extrication. After the accident, he was rushed to the emergency department in a dismantled state. The X-rays revealed that he had multiple fractures in his left humerus, tibia and fibula, small subdural hematoma and left pneumothorax. Pneumothorax in Leigh is manifested as a result of the blunt chest injury after the high speed rally car accident. The blunt trauma force that occurred due to the accident and the air might have pushed on the outer side and resulted in collapse of the lung that resulted in left pneumothorax or collapsed lung condition in Leigh. In Leighs case, air in the pleural space is a result of the blunt trauma injury that caused lung collapse in him. It had resulted from a penetrating or blunt trauma to the chest wall (Kirmani and Page 2014). The accident in the case scenario might have resulted in exposed to blasts where there is no such apparent injury to the chest, however, resulted in lung tissue damage. Pneumothorax in Leigh could have occurred due to the blunt trauma injury at the ribs that might have resulted in rib fracture. The thoracic cavity space inside the chest contains the heart, lungs and major blood vessels. The pleural membrane covers the lung surface and lining of the inside chest wall. The layers are separated with the help of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant. Moreover, low pressure is maintained that does not allow the air to enter the pleural space and also there is low pressure of the bloodstream gases. The accident resulted in pneumothorax that developed in Leigh due to the entry of air in to the pleural space damaging the chest wall or the lung (Aziz et al. 2016). Tension pneumothorax is a worsened condition in which there is significant impairment of blood circulation or respiration. This condition generally occurs due to trauma where the air is leaked into the chest cavity by the lungs and result in chest compression including the vessels that return to the heart with blood (Roberts et al. 2015). Chest pain and acute respiratory distress occur in the initial stages. In clinical situations, resuscitation, ventilation or trauma takes place and in such situations, under water sealed drains (UWSDs) are inserted. These are commonly called chest drains that allow draining the blood, fluid or air from the pleural spaces so that there is proper expansion of lungs and restoration of the negative pressures in the thoracic cavity. This underwater seal also helps to prevent the fluid or gas backflow into the pleural cavity. This chest drain management is important to restore the normal respiratory function and stability. UWSDs are three chambered that c onsists of suction control, water seal and drainage collection. They also aid in removing the fluid or air from the pleural cavity as well as backflow into the pleural space (Inocencio et al. 2017). Signs and Symptoms The common signs and symptoms of pneumothorax are sudden onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, cough and fatigue in rare cases. Among all symptoms, acute chest pain and shortness of breath is manifested in almost 64-85% of the patients suffering from pneumothorax (Roberts et al. 2014). When Leigh was rushed to the emergency department after the accident, he was witnessed to have shortness of breath and chest tightness. He was unable to speak and faced difficulty in speaking long sentences. He was drowsy and disoriented at the time of admission at the emergency department. This condition occurred in Leigh as the normal intrapleural pressure is revered after the blast trauma injury. Shortness of breath and chest tightness and pain are the common clinical signs and symptoms of pneumothorax (Harvey, J.J., Harvey and Belli 2016). Shortness of breath or dyspnoea occurs mainly due to the increase in pressure in the lungs that prevents the expansion of lungs during breathing. This resulted in shortness of breath and chest tightness as the two common signs and symptoms in Leigh manifested as a result of pneumothorax. Due to the blast traumatic injury that resulted in left pneumothorax in Leigh caused shortness of breath in him. There was build up of fluid between the pleural space that is the chest wall and the lungs. The amount of fluid increased in the pleural space and that exerted pressure against the lungs that made in its collapse. This restricted the lungs from expanding leading to difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath in Leigh (McDonald Johnston and Ballard 2015). Chest pain or tightness is Leigh was a clear manifestation of the blast traumatic chest injury. This resulted in clear, acute chest tightness in him and he was unable to speak long sentences at the time of admission at the emergency department. This chest pain or tightness occurred as he was about to breathe as there is a lot of trapped fluid in the pleural cavity and between the lungs. During inspiration, the chest pain worsens and a sharp, stabbing pain occurs at one side of the chest in Leigh (Ying et al. 2016). Link Between Pathophysiology and Pharmacology In the context of diagnosis and treatment, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and pharmacology of a disease and the related theory. In the case study of Leigh, there is pathophysiological theory that is linked to pneumothorax. This occurred as there is reversal in the normal pleural pressure due to the blast trauma injury in Leigh (Mazzaferro 2015). Firstly, for the treatment, Leigh was given UWSD as it helped to drain the fluid from the pleural space and allowed to expand lungs and restore the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity (Russell, King and Coventry 2014). This underwater seal also prevented the backflow of fluid into the pleural cavity. This chest drain was inserted in him to avoid the tension pneumothorax to occur and relief him when he arrived at the emergency department. Leigh suffered a blast trauma injury that resulted in pneumothorax and he was given the chest drainage. An ORIF surgery was performed as he had fracture on his left tibula and fibia. Two intercostals drain was inserted that was attached to the underwater sealed drains. Moreover, the lower drain was draining serous fluid from his lung and the draining of the air was done by the other tube, however, there were only intermittent bubble from the tube. He also had neurological fluctuations which improved with time (McKnight et al. 2016). Fentanyl was administered to him as it is an opioid analgesic that helped him to relieve pain after the surgery. The severe fracture in Leighs left leg might have resulted in intense pain and fentanyl relieved him from pain. This also helped to reduce the morbidity in him. It is an anti-inflammatory drug that relieves pain and inflammation. PCA was administered to Leigh as it is a controlled analgesic after surgery. It is a good pain reliever for relieving pain in Leigh. It also prevents the risk for respiratory infection and he is able to breathe properly (Dhamrait and Tumber 2017). IV normal saline 64mLs/hr was also given to him to maintain the osmotic pressure, electrolyte balance, fluid and control of balance. It acts as a source of electrolytes and water. Conclusion Pneumothorax is the condition where there is abnormal air collection in the pleural space that causes collapse of the lung resulting from uncoupling from the chest wall. The patient, Leigh Richards was diagnosed with left pneumothorax after the blast trauma injury. The common symptoms of pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest tightness or pain that is illustrated in Leigh. The pathophysiology and pharmacology of pneumothorax is understood through the case study of Leigh. Moreover, identifying clinical complications and pathophysiology helps to identify the efficacy of the treatment in him. Pharmacology and pathophysiology of pneumothorax is well understood through this case study and its link to the theory. References Aziz, S.G., Patel, B.B., Ie, S.R. and Rubio, E.R., 2016. The Lung Point Sign, not Pathognomonic of a Pneumothorax.Ultrasound Quarterly,32(3), pp.277-279. Dhamrait, R.S. and Tumber, S.S., 2017. Anesthetic Considerations for Chest Wall Surgery. InSurgery for Chest Wall Deformities(pp. 33-45). Springer International Publishing. Harvey, J.J., Harvey, S.C. and Belli, A., 2016. Tension pneumocephalus: the neurosurgical emergency equivalent of tension pneumothorax.BJR| case reports, p.20150127. Inocencio, M., Childs, J., Chilstrom, M.L. and Berona, K., 2017. Ultrasound Findings in Tension Pneumothorax: A Case Report.The Journal of Emergency Medicine. Kirmani, B.H. and Page, R.D., 2014. Pneumothorax and insertion of a chest drain.Surgery (Oxford),32(5), pp.272-275. Mazzaferro, E., 2015. Pneumothorax. In40th World Small Animal Veterinary Association Congress, Bangkok, Thailand, 15-18 May, 2015. Proceedings book(pp. 525-526). World Small Animal Veterinary Association. McDonald Johnston, A. and Ballard, M., 2015. Primary blast lung injury.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,191(12), pp.1462-1463. McKnight, B., Heckmann, N., Hill, J.R., Pannell, W.C., Mostofi, A., Omid, R. and George, F., 2016. Surgical management of midshaft clavicle nonunions is associated with a higher rate of short-term complications compared with acute fractures.Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery,25(9), pp.1412-1417. Mojsic, B., Mandras, A., Sujica, M. and Vasiljevic, S., 2016. Pneumothorax Related to Mechanical Ventilation: Silent Enemy.Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research,17(3), pp.267-270. Porpodis, K., Zarogoulidis, P., Spyratos, D., Domvri, K., Kioumis, I., Angelis, N., Konoglou, M., Kolettas, A., Kessisis, G., Beleveslis, T. and Tsakiridis, K., 2014. Pneumothorax and asthma.Journal of thoracic disease,6(1), pp.S152-S161. Roberts, D.J., Leigh-Smith, S., Faris, P.D., Ball, C.G., Robertson, H.L., Blackmore, C., Dixon, E., Kirkpatrick, A.W., Kortbeek, J.B. and Stelfox, H.T., 2014. Clinical manifestations of tension pneumothorax: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews,3(1), p.3. Roberts, D.J., Leigh-Smith, S., Faris, P.D., Blackmore, C., Ball, C.G., Robertson, H.L., Dixon, E., James, M.T., Kirkpatrick, A.W., Kortbeek, J.B. and Stelfox, H.T., 2015. Clinical presentation of patients with tension pneumothorax: a systematic review.Annals of surgery,261(6), pp.1068-1078. Russell, C., King, D. and Coventry, B.J., 2014. Vascular Access Surgery. InCardio-Thoracic, Vascular, Renal and Transplant Surgery(pp. 83-103). Springer London. Ying, X., Wang, P., Xu, P. and Zhu, B., 2016. pneumothorax associated with acupuncture: a systematic review and analysis.Acupuncture and Related Therapies.

The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Cell Membranes free essay sample

The effect of temperature on the permeability of cell membranes Introduction For my coursework, I intend to assess how temperature affects the plasma membrane of a cell. For this I will use the cell of a beetroot. Background What is a cell membrane? The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane is a semipermeable lipid bilayer which is the surface of all cells that surrounds the cytoplasm. The membrane is called a bilayer as it has a double layer of phospholipids. Within the cell membrane there are many biological molecules, proteins and lipids, which are involved in cellular processes, and also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the cell wall. It is selectively permeable and chooses what molecules enter and leaves the cell and also maintains the cells potential. This following picture is a diagram of the fluid mosaic with all the different molecules labeled: Phospholipids – Phospholipids are a type of lipids which are key parts of all biological molecules, along with glycolipids, carbohydrates and proteins. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Temperature on the Permeability of Cell Membranes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The circular head of the phospholipid is the phosphate component. This is hydrophilic (Water Liking) therefore faces the aqueous part that surrounds the membrane. The tail of the phospholipid is the fatty acid component. This is the opposite of the phosphate as it is hydrophobic (Dislikes Water) therefore the tails point inwards towards each other as it is a bilayer forming a non-polar interior. Cholesterol- Cholesterols are the lipids found in the membranes of all tissues. The name cholesterol comes from the Greek words chole (Bile) and stereos (solid). The phospholipid molecule is like the cholesterol molecule in the way that the cholesterol also has hydrophilic (Water Liking) heads and hydrophobic (Dislikes Water) tails, therefore they are able to fit between the phospholipid molecules. The cholesterol molecule helps keeps the fluidity of the cell membrane balanced so it’s not too fluid like or solid. It is also very important to the membrane as its keep it stable and without the cholesterol the membrane would break and the cell will burst open. Protiens- The cell membrane plays host to the protein as it is one of the more popular parts of a membrane that is responsible for its many different activities. Protiens are very important in a membrane as they have many tasks, most of the proteins act as transport proteins. These are used for bigger molecules like polar molecues and ions. There are a different variety of proteins each one for a different type of ion or molecule and they each control what enters and leave the cell. An important type of protein within the cell membrane is the globular protein. Unlike the proteins that only play a structural task, globular proteins work as enzymes, messengers, transporters and supply of amino acids. Some proteins molecules move around with the phospholipid layers whereas some proteins are fixed inside the cell and don’t move and some proteins are also fixed in the outer layer there are also some in the inner layer and proteins around with the whole membrane. Other proteins could also act as enzymes. Protiens are also important in the roles in the membrane s of organelles. E. g. Membranes of mitochondria and chloroplast, as they are involved in the process of respiration and hotosynthesis. Glycolipids- Many molecules including glycolipids on the surface of the membrane have carbohydrate chains connected to them. This combination is known as glycolipids or if a protein is attached then glycoprotein. Environmental Conditions on a Cell Membrane- The phospholipid bilayer is affected when the temperature of the environment it is in is incr eased on the membrane. When the temperature of the membrane is increased the protein starts to denature when the temperature is increased to about 35/45 Â °c and more. Once the proteins have started to denature they gradually start to change shape therefore the shape of the phospholipid bilayer also starts to change shape. At this stage the proteins haven’t fully denatured, but when the temperature is raised to about 65/70Â °c the protein will be fully denatured. Therefore as the protein has completely been denature, the shape of the protein will be completely deformed so, therefore it won’t fit properly into the phospholipid bilayer. Due to this, gaps will appear, making it more permeable. Similarly with the phospholipids, they don’t denature but as the temperature is increases they gain more energy and as a result of this they start to move around. This will cause fluidity of the membrane. This will make gaps and cause it to become more permeable. (References: Biology 1- Mary Jones, Richard Fosbery and Dennis Taylor, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Cell_membrane) Prediction As you can see I have done some research about plasma membranes and its components and I have come to a prediction on what I think will happen and what results might show when I have completed the experiment. I simply predict that the greater the temperature on the beetroot sample the less light will pass through the beetroot sample when it is in the calorimeter and the lower the temperature is more light will pass through the beetroot sample. I have predicted the above because once the temperature is raised to about 35/45 Â °c the proteins in the phospholipid bilayer start to change shape and once the temperature has been raised to about 65/70Â ° the shape would have completely changed and the protein would have fully denatured and the proteins embedded in the phospholipid bilayer will not be able to fit in the bilayer properly. As the temperature is increase not only will the proteins get denatured but the phospholipids will gain energy therefore will start to move faster and the phospholipids will gain fluidity and this will also increase the rate in which permeability is taking place. Therefore, for these particular reason gaps will be made in the phospholipid bilayer due to the denatured proteins and the movement of the phospholipids. As a result, the increase in temperature will have caused damage to the plasma membrane and this will let the red/purple pigment of the beetroot sample (betacyanin) out from the vacuole in which it is held in. Apparatus Beetroot- I am going to use this as I am going to test the permeability of the beetroot cell. Scapula- I will use this to cut the beetroot. Ruler- This will be needed to measure the beetroot. Beaker- I will use this as a water bath and to heat the test tubes in. Pipette- I will use this to get an accurate 4cm? sample of beetroot. Test tube- I will use this to put 15cm? of distilled water and beetroot. Distilled water- I will use this for the experiment as the tap water could have other chemicals for example chlorine. Calorimeter- This will be used in the experiment to calculate how much light is transmitted through the beetroot sample. Cuvette- This will be used to but the sample of beetroot in and put in the calorimeter. Bunsen Burner- This will be used to heat up the water bath. Thermometer- I will use this to measure the temperature of the test tubes in the water bath. Measuring cylinder- I will use this to measure out 15? of distilled water. Cork borer- I will use this to extract small pieces of the beetroot out of the actual one Test tube rack- I will need this to hold the test tubes. Timer- I will need to time how long I have kept the beetroot in the distilled water. Goggles- I will need to wear these so nothing enters my eyes Risk Assessment Equipment/SubstanceRiskReduction/Emergency Action ScapulaRisk of getting cutBe as careful as possible and if cut wash the cut in case of infection and use a first aid kit Bunsen BurnerRisk of getting burntTie hair back, wear goggles and if burnt then put the area which is burnt under cold water Hot waterRisk of getting burntIf burnt, place burnt rea under cold water Beetroot SolutionRisk of entering eyeTo prevent this wear goggles and if it enters eyes wash out with warm water Cork BorerRisk of getting cut Method To begin with I will use a cork borer and get 15 pieces of beetroot and use a ruler to measure each piece 2cm long and cut it using a scalpel as I will be using 5 different temperatures (25Â °c, 35Â °c, 45Â °c, 55Â °c, and 65Â °c). I will repeat each temp erature 3 times. Each piece of beetroot will have to be of the same size to make it a fair test and that is also why I will repeat each with temperature 3 times. Secondly I will then rinse the equal pieces of beetroot with distilled water and dry them as while cutting the beetroot cells could get damaged and therefore betacyanin would be on the samples and this would not be a fair test. After that I will then measure 15cm? of distilled water into a measuring cylinder and pour it out into a test tube. I will repeat this three times. After that a Bunsen burner will need to be set up and as it is a dangerous piece of equipment I will need to wear goggles when using it. Once the Bunsen burner is ready to use I will fill a beaker up with 150 cm? f water and as I will be using the water beaker as a water bath for the test tube I will need to use a tripod and put gauze onto top of it. I will then place the beaker on top of the tripod and on the Bunsen burner. After this I will put the test tubes into the beaker to get the water to the correct temperature. To analyze the temperature I will place a thermometer a test tube till it reaches the first tem perature of my choice which will be 25Â °c. Once the temperature reading is 25Â °c I will remove the Bunsen burner from underneath the beaker. Then I will pace the three test tubes in a holder and at the same time will put 1 beetroot piece in each test tube and keep them all in for four minutes, i will time it using a timer. When four minutes is over I will stir the beetroot solution so no pigment is left at the bottom of the test tube. Using a pipet I will extract 4cm? from each of the solutions and put them into a cuvette, but is important not to touch the cuvette where there are no arrows as that is where the light transmits through. Finally I will use the calorimeter to measure how much light is transmitted through the beetroot samples. But before putting each sample into the calorimeter I will put a sample of distilled water which should measure about 100 so that I will know that the calorimeter has correctly been adjusted. I will repeat this three times for each temperature. I will repeat this procedure all together five times as there are five temperatures, (25Â °c, 35Â °c, 45Â °c, 55Â °c, and 65Â °c) and test one temperature three times just as this is mentioned above.

Japans Meiji Era

Japan's Meiji Era The Meiji Era was the 44-year period of Japans history from 1868 to 1912 when the country was under the rule of the great Emperor Mutsuhito. Also called the Meiji Emperor, he was the first ruler of Japan to wield actual political power in centuries. An Era of Change The Meiji Era or Meiji Period was a time of incredible transformation in Japanese society. It marked the end of the Japanese system of feudalism  and completely restructured the social, economic, and military reality of life in Japan. The Meiji Era began when  a faction of daimyo  lords from Satsuma and Choshu in the far south of Japan united to overthrow the Tokugawa shogun and return political power to the Emperor. This revolution in Japan is called the Meiji Restoration. The daimyo who brought the Meiji Emperor out from behind the jeweled curtain and into the political limelight probably did not anticipate all of the repercussions of their actions. For example, the Meiji Period saw the end of the samurai and their daimyo lords, and the establishment of a modern conscript army. It also marked the beginning of a period of rapid industrialization and modernization in Japan. Some former supporters of the restoration, including the Last Samurai, Saigo Takamori, later rose up in the unsuccessful Satsuma Rebellion in protest of these radical changes. Social Prior to the Meiji Era, Japan had a feudal social structure with samurai warriors on top, followed by farmers, craftsmen, and finally merchants or traders at the bottom. During the Meiji Emperors reign, the status of the samurai was abolished - all Japanese would be considered commoners, except for the imperial family. In theory, even the  burakumin  or untouchables were now equal to all other Japanese people, although in practice discrimination was still rampant. In addition to this leveling of society, Japan also adopted many western customs during this time. Men and women abandoned silk kimono and began to wear Western-style suits and dresses. Former samurai had to cut off their topknots, and women wore their hair in fashionable bobs. Economic During the Meiji Era, Japan industrialized with incredible speed. In a country where just a few decades earlier, merchants and manufacturers were considered the lowest class of society, suddenly titans of industry were forming huge corporations that produced iron, steel, ships, railroads, and other heavy industrial goods. Within the reign of the Meiji Emperor, Japan went from a sleepy, agrarian country to an up-and-coming industrial giant.   Policy-makers and ordinary Japanese people alike felt that this was absolutely essential for Japans survival, as the western imperial powers of the time were bullying and annexing formerly strong kingdoms and empires all over Asia. Japan would not only build up its economy and its military capacity well enough to avoid being colonized - it would become a major imperial power itself in the decades following the Meiji Emperors death. Military The Meiji Era saw a rapid and massive reorganization of Japans military capabilities, as well. Since the time of Oda Nobunaga, Japanese warriors had been using firearms to great effect on the battlefield. However, the samurai sword was still the weapon that denoted Japanese warfare up until the Meiji Restoration. Under the Meiji Emperor, Japan established western-style military academies to train a whole new type of soldier. No longer would birth into a samurai family be the qualifier for military training; Japan had a conscript army now, in which the sons of former samurai might have a farmers son as a commanding officer.  The military academies brought in trainers from France, Prussia, and other western countries to teach the conscripts about modern tactics and weaponry. In the Meiji Period, Japans military reorganization made it a major world power. With battleships, mortars, and machine guns, Japan would defeat the Chinese in the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, and then stun Europe by beating the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-05. Japan would continue headlong down an increasingly militaristic path for the next forty years. The word meiji literally means bright plus pacify. A bit ironically, it denotes the enlightened peace of Japan under Emperor Mutsuhitos reign. In fact, although the Meiji Emperor did indeed pacify and unify Japan, it was the start of a half-century of warfare, expansion, and imperialism in Japan, which conquered the Korean Peninsula, Formosa (Taiwan), the Ryukyu Islands (Okinawa), Manchuria, and then much of the rest of East Asia between 1910 and 1945.

Innovative Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Innovative Organisations - Essay Example By virtually every measure, Ryanair has managed to develop positive leadership innovation, process innovation and product/service innovation by creating new business models and business structures designed to bring long-term value to the business. This report identifies Ryanair’s strategies in innovation, an assessment of these innovations, and also a description of how the author of this report could contribute effectively to the long-term future of Ryanair. Innovation is key to any successful enterprise. There are a wide variety of acceptable definitions of innovation, one of which is the successful creation and launch of a new product or service concept which provides significant competitive advantage to today’s firms. Competitive advantage means utilising this new innovative idea or concept and applying it using a market-focused methodology which outperforms competing companies and gains market share in the process. This report highlights the activities of Ryanair, the low-frills, discount airline company, which provide innovation in the airline industry and a stronger business portfolio. Ryanair was established in the 1990s as one of the first no-frills discount airline companies in Europe. The company, with this discount philosophy, has managed to increase its market share against major competitors such as Lufthansa and Air France-KLM (Done, 2009), which is not an easy task to accomplish considering how long these airline companies have been a staple airline carriers in Europe. When the company was first implemented, there did not seem to be a heavy consumer demand for no-frills services, or perhaps the company simply lacked marketing focus, as the business was riddled with heavy losses and an inability to seize a higher volume of market share than that of its competition (Done). However, today, Ryanair has managed to redevelop its previous business model, making it more adaptive to consumer needs, which is bringing the

The public needs to know Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The public needs to know - Research Proposal Example Its management is also costly and leaves most families poor besides the fact that available management strategies only slows down the disease’s effects. I, in this paper, present a proposal for a business of developing a new drug for cancer patients in order to reduce cancer’s currently experienced effects. Economic situation The new drug development is expected to cost about one billion U.S. dollars, inclusive of involved tax and miscellaneous expenses. Most of the projected cost will be invested in research and will be used to purchase research facilities and to offer remunerations and incentives to researchers, research assistants, and research participants. Some donors, research agencies, government institutions, and nongovernmental organizations have pledged their support for the initiative, and received and pledged donations amount to $ 400 million. This is, however, 60 percent short of the total required amount. As a result, the next phase of the drug development project that was scheduled to kick off in four months time may be delayed. Being a social initiative, the drug development program is not profit oriented and will rely on donations from well-wishers. We therefore appeal for further donations from people and organizations to facilitate the project that will develop a low cost drug for managing cancer (Neidle, 2011). Special needs of the target population The project seeks to meet diversified social needs. The overall benefit of the drug in suppressing cancerous growths and involved consequences on patients and the society will serve these needs. One of the special needs is the preservation of cancer victims’ lives. Even though the developed drug does not offer treatment to the disease, preliminary research indicates that it will greatly suppress cancerous growths, at any stage, and therefore sustain victims’ lives. The suppressed growth will further minimize and possibly mitigate pain among cancer patients to achieve h igh quality of life. Retention of a cancer patient’s cognitive ability is another special need that the developed drug will meet. This will be derived from the drug’s potential to suppress further growth and to subsequently control realized symptoms among patients. Preliminary tests have also indicated the drug’s milder side effects, as compared to those of the currently applied cancer management techniques such as chemotherapy, which will meet the need for more effective drugs with less significant side effects (Livestrong, n.d.). Process The proposed drug development project will follow the laid down guidelines for developing and testing a new drug. The first involved step, preclinical research, has been done. This involved scientific research into development of cancerous cells, involved factors into such growth and proposed drug components for countering the growths. The next stage of the development process will involve a multi staged set of trials with inc reasing number of test participants at each advanced stage. Each of the trial stages will involve evaluation of effects of the drug on cancerous growth and possible effects on the volunteers. The process will involve three trials in which 50 volunteers will participate in the first trial, 200 participants will be involved in the second trial and 2000 in the third trial. The drug, upon successful tests, will then be filed with the responsible national drug agency for approval. The remaining stages of the

Globalization Of The Market Economy Essay Example for Free

Globalization Of The Market Economy Essay Much has been said how globalization has internationalize the market economy and how this system was able to integrate and create international partnerships between and among nations. Globalization is not just a phenomenon – it is a system, a new world system that has replaced the Cold War. Globalization has transcended economic and political borders without so much undermining the national sovereignty of any nation. This essay will document how the key players and catalysts accomplished the integration of a very complex world market economy, allowing the creation of the so-called global village. Specifically, this essay will look into the following: ? the creation of international bodies collectively known as The Bretton Woods institutions; ? the largest regional trade organizations: how they come into being, its membership, and how they are being seen sometimes as stumbling blocs, instead of building blocs; ? multi- or transnational corporations; and ? technological revolution (information and communication technology, or ICT, and the Internet). The list above will help us see globalization, an intangible system, as an observable, concrete, and measurable concept. This essay will also attempt to explain the future of globalization so as to prepare other areas that it has not penetrated yet, and at the same time, to allow those who are experiencing it already to take advantage of the strengths and opportunities in the system and be prepared with the threats that come with it. Understanding globalization There are two very interesting books on globalization that can serve as a starting point of this essay – MacGillivrays A brief history of globalization: The Untold story of our incredible shrinking planet and Friedmans The Lexus and the olive tree: Understanding globalization. MacGillivray argues that the term â€Å"globalization† has rapidly become one of the most overused words in the field of international relations. Unfortunately, its being overused does not guarantee understanding of the concept. In fact, this is one of the least understood or at least broadly construed concepts in the same field. It clearly covers connections between and among political, economic, cultural, and even environmental issues or concerns. And with the recent advance in information technology, we also know that globalization also concerns itself about technology and even war. MacGillivray described globalization as the interaction and integration between and among people, corporations, and governments across national boundaries. Such web of interaction and integration is motivated by international trade and investment with the help of technology, particularly, information technology (MacGillivray 2006). The importance of technology in the era of globalization was further elaborated and described by Friedman in his book The Lexus and the olive tree: Understanding globalization through this passage: â€Å"In the Cold War, the most frequently asked question was ‘How big is your missile? ’ In globalization, the most frequently asked question is ‘How fast is your modem? ’† As compared to other writers who believe that globalization is a phase of human evolution, or maybe a trend, Friedman believes that it is more of an international system which existence was significantly felt after the Cold War period. He argued that the movement of globalization in this contemporary period is just an extension of the previous period which has marked the end of the First World War (Friedman 1999). Whereas the Cold War has changed the whole world into a bipolar one, globalization has changed this into a global village with shared or integrated resources in terms of capital, technology, political and market sentiments, and information across and, even more interesting, through national borders. Establishing new grounds: The collapse of economic and market frontiers Globalizations effects are very much visible in some aspects of international relations. In this essay, the effect on economic sovereignty would be the focus. It should be noted though that as far as these effects are concerned, globalization does not destabilize the sovereignty and legitimacy of a nation in any one way or another. With globalization, we could say that the economic borders of any sovereign nation has somewhat been transcended, i. e. , protectionist policies are either challenged if not eliminated completely. The Bretton Woods system: The first attempt to international openness One of the best ways of seeing globalizations effect to international relations is by looking at international financial institutions having direct or indirect effect to sovereign nations. While they do not exactly dictate what the economic policies of countries should be, these bodies without a doubt influence the making of such policies. In the early 1930s, currency exchange rates, even those of the major economies, are unstable. A number of countries are protectionists and had very restrictive trade policies. A decade after that, Great Britain and the United States, the only two super powers then, proposed the establishment of international financial or monetary institutions that would aim to stabilize exchange rates and, more importantly, improve international trade. In 1944, 44 nations through their representatives convened at the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The participants of the conference met to plan the recovery and eventual development of post-war Europe and to discuss the monetary and prevailing economic issues of that period – protectionist trade policies and unstable exchange rates of a number of countries (Bretton Woods Project 2007; Canadian Economy Online 2007). This has given birth to the Bretton Woods Agreement. The agreement aims to create a post-war international monetary system of convertible currencies, fixed and stable exchange rates, and free trade across geographical regions. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (which was later on referred to as the World Bank) were established to facilitate the objectives of the agreement. The resulting bodies from this Bretton Woods convention have definitely affected the economic sovereignty of countries. Taking the case of International Monetary Fund, its main areas of concern are surveillance (advice and appraisal on the policies of its member economies), financial or monetary assistance for members experiencing short- to medium-term economic problems and difficulties, and technical assistance as well as training in monetary and fiscal policies (Ibid). The Bretton Woods agreement prevented currency and exchange rates competition and promoted monetary cooperation among its member economies. Under this system, member nations and economies agreed to have a system of currency exchange rates that could be adjusted or computed within defined parities with the US dollar. This currency exchange rate could also be adjusted to correct a basic disequilibrium in balance of payments as approved by IMF. Advocates of the Bretton Woods system argued that establishment of a stable exchange rate would discourage the â€Å"beggar thy neighbour† policies, which would eventually benefit several, if not all, member economies by the promotion and expansion of international market and trade. The competitiveness of currency exchange rates decreased overtime due to infrequent changes in parities. Some expressed concerns that a fixed currency exchange rate system may prohibit countries enough liberty for them to actually pursue and implement their own monetary and fiscal policies. IMF uses both its surveillance as well as technical assistance work or functions in developing codes and standards of good practice in its areas of responsibility (Articles of Agreement of the International Monetary Fund 2007). The World Bank, which is officially named International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, is actually a development institution. Its mandate is to build a climate of healthy investment, sufficient jobs, and sustainable growth. It also invests in poor people and empowers them to participate in development projects. Its efforts on poverty reduction can be observed in national as well as global levels (Schiff and Winters 2003, 15–16). The World Bank gives emphasis on extending aids to poor and developing nations. But more than just these financial aids or loans, the bank gives advice on policymaking and training to countries needing them. Now, in return for IMF’s and World Bank’s financial support or any other kind of advice, recipients of these financial aids should implement necessary structural adjustment policies that will encourage healthy public spending, especially on social services delivery systems. These policies usually decrease government’s participation in the economy (or market, to be specific). Currently, the World Bank is the largest international lending institution dealing with least developed to developing countries (Ibid, 25–26). The World Trade Organization is probably the most â€Å"intrusive† of the three bodies established by the Bretton Woods convention. The convention created a provision for an International Trade Organization. However, such plan lay dormant until the actual establishment of the World Trade Organization in early 1990s. This original plan did not materialize in the form it was originally conceptualized because of the refusal of the US Congress to endorse it. (The refusal of the US Congress is primarily anchored on the idea that had the International Trade Organization been approved then, this body would have the power of a supranational body that can implement sanctions, penalties, or disciplines to any member economies that the ITO deem violating the principles and agreements reached at the Bretton Woods. ) In lieu of this, an international organization, so to speak, in the form of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT was created. As an international body, it has the primary responsibility of reducing trade barriers through multilateral and multinational negotiations. ITO, however, does not have the power to effect any policies, i. e. , its agreements are non-binding (Timeline: World Trade Organization – A chronology of key events 2007). The World Trade Organization came into existence on 1995. It replaced GATT as an international body overseeing the multilateral trading system. One hundred and twenty-eight (128) countries had signed GATT by 1994. And as of the year 2007, there are 151 full-fledged members and 30 economies/countries having observer status. Every member country of the WTO has the right to challenge or simply question other countries local, state, or federal laws granted that such laws may impede efficient and effective international trade. In such cases, if the WTO judges the law to contain violations of WTO ideals, it [WTO] may order the government to overturn or modify the law or else, the country can experience or suffer from trade sanctions. This is exactly why the US Congress did not approve the ratification of the treaty for the creation or establishment of the WTO (Ibid). These three international bodies have clearly penetrated the economic barriers, even political to some extent, of any of its member economies. For this purpose, however, it is clear that these effects are for the benefit of the member economy. While it is clear that these Bretton Woods bodies do not directly dictate economic policies, it has the power to influence its members to act towards its direction. Again, this is not to emphasize that economic sovereignty is being taken away from the country itself, but clearly, the economic barriers have been breached. Regional trade associations or blocs Regional trade associations are â€Å"offshoots†, so to speak, of the globalization phenomenon where inter-nation or inter-state agreement is established. These associations are actually the ones that manage, promote, and direct all the trade activities of the concerned group of countries or regions of the world (UC Atlas of Global Inequality, 2007). This is a case where instead of an institution penetrating the borders of a country, the sovereign country itself initiates the â€Å"surrender† of their economic, or more particularly, trading, policies. Regional trade associations, in general terms, are groupings of economies or nations at a governmental level that aims to promote, manage, and encourage trade within and among their own region and defend its member countries or member economies against a larger global competition. Protection against this larger global competition is done by most countries by establishing tariffs on commodities produced by its members economies, import quotas, onerous bureaucratic import processes, government subsidies, and technical and other non-tariff barriers. Trade is not an isolated activity and other areas of relations between countries or economies involved are also affected: political, security, and other issues affecting the region (Ibid). A good example of a regional trade bloc affecting other aspects of inter-national relations is the case of the European Union or EU. This group is the world’s largest trade association, and by far, the most effective in terms of certain aspects. EU has harbored not just economic but also political ambitions extending way beyond the free trading arrangements entered into by the participating economies (Gibb and Michalak, 1994, 75). The ideological foundations of EU were actually focused on ensuring development and maintaining international or even inter-regional stability, specifically, encapsulating communist or socialist expansion in the post-WWII Europe. EUs plan actually involves possible joint policies on military security and citizenship. Some researchers believe that trade associations complement globalized trade. There are those, on the other hand, who believe that regionalism is a threat to free trade due to its protectionist nature having conservative policies being implemented by these blocs that shield the member- countries from outside competition of global trade. Such debates contain sharp disagreements. In the same work by Gibb and Michalak (1994, 1), they noted, â€Å"the multilateral trading system is in decline and regionalism is on the ascendancy. † They emphasized that regional trade blocs are an alternative form of trade that â€Å"attempts to counter more aggressive policies of trade, especially as espoused by the WTO. †

A Potential Avian Influenza Pandemic Essay -- Biology Medical Biomedic

A Potential Avian Influenza Pandemic Avian influenza could potentially be the world's next pandemic. The virus that causes this disease can be transmitted to other birds and humans by bird secretions. Bird migrations, as well as today?s instant worldwide transportation, can spread the avian influenza virus at amazing speeds. The government would face a disease that could wipe out millions of people. Meanwhile, the economy would crash as money is spent eradicating the disease from the country. Poultry farmers would have to cull their birds to minimize the risk of spreading the virus. Perhaps the greatest concern about avian influenza is its potential to not only infect and kill many people, but to be used as a bioterrorism weapon. Avian influenza is rapidly becoming a great concern to health officials worldwide. The pathogen responsible for this disease is the avian influenza virus from the Orthomyxoviridae family. (University of Maryland, 2005) The H5N1 subtype, however, could potentially cause the most harm. Viruses are typically found in their natural reservoir, the bodies of wild fowl, although they do not always cause symptoms or illness in the birds. These viruses can be transmitted by various means to other birds and, as of 1997, humans. The 1997 outbreak in Hong Kong was the first time the avian influenza virus was noted to skip from bird to human. (CBC, 2005) Since then, health officials are becoming increasingly concerned with what avian influenza could mean in the near future. If an avian influenza pandemic were to occur, the government would face a deadly disease that would kill much of the population. There would be a catastrophic effect on the economy as the government must spend millions to erad icate disease and ... ...71805CIP/shtml International Herald Tribune. (2005, July). A flu nightmare. The IHT Online. July 15, 2005: http://www.iht.com/bin/print_ipub.php?file=/articles/2005/07/14/opinio n/edfllu.php Marwaan Macan-Markar. (2005, March) Bird flu to shake up Asian society. Asian Times. July 19, 2005: http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/ GC01Ae01.html Stephen Smith. (2005, July) Avian flu found in migrating geese in China. The Boston Globe. July 15, 2005: http://www.boston.com/yourlife/health/diseases/arti cles/2005/07/07/avian_flu_found_in_migrating_geese_in_china/ University of Maryland. (2005. n/a) Avian Influenza Virus. Avian Influenza Virus Program. July 25, 2005: http://www.agnr.umd.edu/avianflu/ World Health Organization. (2004, January) Avian Influenza- fact sheet. World Health Organization. July 25, 2005: http://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_01_15/e n/print.html

Helth and Saftey Childcare Assignment Essay

There are many legislations that influence healthy, safe and secure environment for early years settings. The Heath and Safety (young persons) Regulations 1997 states that ‘’Employers need to complete risk assessments for people under 18 years of age.’’ (Thornes 2008 pg84) It also states that if any hazards are the setting, then give them training that the student, trainee or work experience people may nee to do with that particular hazard. Another legislation is Health and Safety at work Act 1974. This legislation is the one that provides general guidance about all this health and safety and workers must have policies and procedures saying how the health and safety will be ensured and then follow these policies and procedures. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) 1994 is also part of the legislation for a healthy, safe and secure environment and states that a risk assessment should be done on hazards and make sure to store appropri ate as the COSHH regulations are. Reporting injuries diseases and dangerous occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 1995. E2 Describe the producers which will keep a child safe for each accident, illness or emergency. There are many procedures which keep children safe for each accident, illness or emergency and each childcare setting will have exclusion for illness policy. In my setting the exclusion policy states that all children should be excluded if they have an illness until recovered to prevent any one else in the setting getting infected. Any illness or accident will be recorded in the accident book and they do this in my work placement by writing down all the details of the incident or emergency. The child’s medical records must be checked, and where appropriate acted upon and then parents/guardians will be contacted to pick up their child. If parents/guardians are not reached, the child’s emergency contacts will be call up. In my work placement all staff follow this by carrying it out the correct way. Afterwards the child should be regularly checked to see if any think is more serious. One record copy of the child will be taken to the doctors to make sure staff deal with  any recorded conditions and then the staff at the setting can keep a record of it and keep in contact with parents/guardians. Every childcare setting will keep a record of the child’s symptoms and the actions; regular checks on the child and each time the action was taken. The staffs at my work placement setting always have copies if an incident or accident happens and make regular checks which they keep an up to date record of the child. On discovering a fire or alarm sound, the room leader should then gather the register, visitor book and nursery contact numbers. Nursery stuff will help get the children out the setting by evacuating the building from the nearest fire doors. Once left building all staff and children line up at the assemble point and when lined up the room leader checks register to check all children are present. Afterwards the staff and children must not return to the building until the building has been declared safe by the fire brigade. Once this has been done, the children and staff can return back to the setting safely. An example of an illness would be vomiting or diarrhoea. An example of an accident would be a child bumping his/her head. An example of an emergency would be a fire. E3 Plan the appropriate care of a child aged 1 for a full day in the setting. E4 Plan the appropriate care of a child aged 3 years for a full day in the setting. E5 Describe the issues that affect the planning of a challenging environment for children. There are many issues that affect the planning of a challenging environment for children. The first issue can be identifying children’s needs as this can stop the practitioner from being able to meet their needs in planning the challenging environment for them to be able to learn in, develop and take risks. The second issue can be equipment; is it safe and suitable because this is vital for the children to be able to have in a challenging environment and age staged appropriate equipment. The third issue that affects the planning of a challenging environment may be the size or layout of the area. The Forth issue can be environmental factors such as  temperature, safety, ect†¦ It will have an effect on how effective the challenging environment is. The fifth issue can be that is there supervision and enough of it. The sixth issue that affects the planning of a challenging environment maybe type of setting. The seventh issue could be consulting children as is it developmentally appropriate. E6 Describe the initiatives which influence the provision of challenging environments for children. + C1 Evaluate how two initiatives contribute to the provision of an enabling environment for children. A national initiative which influences the provision of challenging environments for children is Swedish school as they apply the Forest education approach. This national initiative influences provisions because children are learning in a different environment which has more outdoor and physical development on the children. They aim to let children explore and understand stuff in the woods and forest such as everyday products from wood. ‘’a unique way of working with young people in a woodland setting, helping them to achieve small practicable tasks, learning about fire safety, woodland management etc. It complements the Early Years curriculum in particular but also supports the 5-16 curriculum. Disaffected children, those with emotional or behavioral difficulties or exhibiting challenging behavior are all seen to benefit and can be â€Å"turned around† by the Forest School experience. Forest School particularly suits the kinaesthetic learner (those that learn by doing) who fails to achieve in a formal school setting. These children are immediately engaged in the tasks set as they suit their way of learning.’’ (http://www.infomat.net/infomat/rd741/rd1/database/Forest_Education/index.asp) A local initiative which influences the provision of challenging environments for children is Montessori such as The Oratory Day Nursery in Burnham. This local initiative influences provisions because children learn independently through tasks to meet their skill for their age without a ‘’long-term disadvantage in their gross motor skills’’ (Thornes 2008 pg250) They aim to make children do many activities which involve the children to use their hands. The Montessori approach is use in my current setting Oratory Day Care Nursery by having set activities for the children to choose from then let children do the activity whilst the practitioners observe and only interacts in the activity to give guidance. This approach also say that ‘’First education of the senses, then education of the intellect.’’ (Thornes 2008 pg250). E7 Explain the importance of helping children to manage risk and challenge in their environment. It is important for children to be helped to learn to assess and manage risk and challenge. It will be necessary for the adult to teach the child the skills he/she will need to learn about assessing and managing risk and challenge. The child can also learn to understand consequences of the challenge and risk themselves. It also teaches them, limits and binderies that they can take with them throughout their everyday life. Most importantly it teaches to progress in their education by developing and doing these challenges and risks with the adults help. In my placement I have seen this happen by practitioners allowing for the children to explore the garden for themselves and one girl was climbing up the little hill for the first time and slipped and fell over. This was a challenge for her because she had to get up to the top and her risk was that she fell but next time she will climb up the hill, she would know the risk and what may happen next time. ‘’All children both need and want to take risk in order to explore limits, venture into new experiences and develop their capacities from a very young age and from their earliest play experiences. Children would never learn to walk, climb stairs or ride a bicycle unless they were strong motivated to respond o challenges involving risk of injuries.’’ (www.freeplaynetwork.org.uk/adventure/manage.htm) E8 show an understanding of diversity and inclusive practice. Diversity and inclusive practise need to be understood and carried out in every childcare setting. Therefore each practitioner should remember to treat every child and their families fairly without discrimination. This can  be done by for example letting all children join in an activity and not saying they can’t play because of their colour, size, shape, disability, ability in activity. They should also not stereotype both the children and families that they work with. By doing this, practitioners can meet each child’s needs as an individual and are allowing for the rights of the children and their families to take place. ‘’Childcare workers are very influential in the promotion of children’s attitude and values. Children will take their cue from adult responses and reactions. Because of their powerful role, it is important that staff take issues of equality seriously and do not ignore them.’’ (Thornes 2008 pg93) In my current setting Oratory Day Nursery, all staff carrying out and understand diversity and inclusive practice by following the equal opportunities policy and enabling that each child gets the chance to develop, learn and play as an individual in the setting with the right to be heard and valued. D1 Explain how legislation can support strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environments in early years settings. There are many ways that legislation can support strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environment in early years settings. The most important thing that supports a healthy, safe and secure environment is having policies and procedures as this will help everyone in the setting to keep to the same rules. Having CRB checks will also support a healthy, safe and secure environment because they help protect the setting from any vunarble adults. Another thing will be regular body inspections to ensure the setting is following the policies and procedures and working to the right standards but also to see if anything may need improvement into better or is not good practise. Staff ratios can support strategies to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environment as without having the right staff the setting shouldn’t open. Training for many different things such as fire procedures will allow you to be able to put your knowledge and practise into your own work to keep everyone safe and secure in the setting. Having the right/appropriate resources is another way to establish and maintain healthy, safe and secure environment. The last thing would be you the practitioner yourself as you are the person who will enforce that all these legislations are done to protect the children, parents, staff and other professionals as well the setting. D2 Explain how establishing a safe environment can support the procedures necessary for accidents, illness and emergencies. Establishing a safe environment, should support the procedures necessary for accidents, illnesses and emergencies. Accidents, illnesses and emergencies cannot be totally predictable or happen through a risk or harm in an event. Many accidents occur in a work place and the main victim is a child. This is due to risks of injury and illness through lack of cleanliness, another sick child in the group, etc†¦ Injuries in a group can occur from the children not bringing adequate protection and not using the equipment the correct way. It can also be due to the work place itself because their many be mislabelled equipment, unsafe condition, faulty or broken equipment. However the accidents and illness can be due to the adult because he/she may have failure to follow the procedures, lack of tanning or worker error. Therefore all this needs to be followed the correct way in order to prevent any of this happening. It can be done by making sure everyone in the setting implements and understands the policies such as Health and Safety Work act 1974 or RIDDOR and procedure of the setting, make sure all illnesses and emergency are written, carry out risk assessments regularly, sterilise the equipment, throw away any broken or faulty equipment,, looking after children’s hygiene and insure the children know the rules. This will then creat and establish a safe environment which is safe and less of a risk for everyone in the setting. B1 Consider possible ways to maintain the safety and privacy of children and to respect their wishes. Ensuring a safe environment that allows children to have safety and privacy with respecting their wishes can be done in many possible ways. One example can be going to the toilet as this can make the child feel uncomfortable to go in front of his/her friends and having small toilets with cubicles will make them feel safe and give them privacy. The practitioner however should check to see if there is anything that can put the child at danger when going to the toilet such as chemical produces. When doing all this it allows  the staff in the setting to see over the chid and maintain the safety. In my setting I have seen this happen because when a child goes to the toilet there are small cubicles that adults can see child at any time and keep the safety and privacy that is recurred in any childcare setting. Another example can be when protecting the child such as child’s welfare. This would mean having all practitioners, other professionals, parents and students to be aware that they most not discuss any thing that is not relevant to others and keep any paper work confidential. I have seen practitioners in my setting maintain the safety and privacy of children and respect their wish by listening to them, valuing them as an individual, following the policies on safety, Every Child Matters and the CACHE Statements of Values to best practise. A Discuss the effect on practitioners of meeting the care needs of children. There are many ways of how and why practitioners may be affected when meeting the care needs of children and the support available. Practitioners may feel unhappy to see a child leave after a long time of care for them, grief if child in care dies or is badly injured, feel terrible if they do not get on with a child or the child is not progressing and have a sense of failure. They may also feel anxiety when having to tell a parent bad news or anxiety when a child has to have the social care services involved with them. There can be support given for all these things that a practitioner may be affected by to meet the care needs of children. One way can be by leading the practitioner the right way. Local education authorities can also give support by helping the setting out and working with them to help and develop the child at the best interest to. Another way can be by getting advice from support advisors. The last way they can be supported is by other colleagues and work together to improve the outcome and met the care of the Child’s needs more effectively. This will therefore result in making the child feel happy and enjoy activities or coming to the setting. It will also make child want to work with the practitioner and gain a better relationship. It can not only have an result on the children but also on the practitioner themselves because will feel happy or overwhelmed they are able to work with the child to meet their care needs and then have a better  positive communicating relationship with parents about their child to fit the care needs of that child. In my current placement, I have seen practitioners have an effect when meeting the needs of children and one example of this was the practitioner feeling upset, frustrated because this 4 year old boy who was unable to count his number after having taught him many different ways such as having him sing a song to learn to count as this was some think the boy liked doing. Reference: * Beaver. M, et al (2008) Childcare and education Cache level 3 Cheltenham: Nelson Thorns * www.freeplaynetwork.org.uk/adventure/manage.htm 26th October 2011 * http://www.infomat.net/infomat/rd741/rd1/database/Forest_Education/index.asp 26th October 2011 * http://www.extension.org/pages/25767/preventing-injuries-in-child-care 1st December 2011

European Exploration And Conquest Of Latin America

Before European exploration and conquest in Latin America the indigenous people lived off the land working mainly to support themselves. Despite having conflicts of their own, most Latin American tribes would coexist peacefully relative to what was to come. Some, more advanced civilizations, such as the Aztec, did have conditions somewhat similar to those that would soon spread to the rest of Latin America. When European settlers started to take over the Americas, however, conditions got markedly worse. With more land than they knew what to do with and abundant valuable natural resources, greed quickly became the driving force behind most of the settler’s actions. Slavery became a tremendously important aspect of both society and economics in Spanish, English, French and Portuguese colonies through the encomienda system of forced labor. Although European settlers had nearly identical goals, slavery had distinct roles in their individual colonial economies and societies. Europe an settlers began to travel to and colonize Latin America in the late 15th century searching for wealth and new opportunities. Around the same time both North and South America were being colonized by Spain, Great Britain, France and Portugal. The main goal for all of these nations was to obtain wealth from valuable metals such as gold and silver. From the very beginning colonization was driven mainly by greed. This greed was somewhat satisfied for nations that colonized areas which had gold and silverShow MoreRelatedEffects Of The Age Of Exploration1195 Words   |  5 PagesThe age of exploration is a period of time from the 15th century to the 18th century where exploration and new discovery grow rapidly for the Europeans. It represent a time of both good and bad when the Europeans founded new lands and colonize them, such as the New World. To them, they had greatly benefited as their power grew but for others, their land were invaded and lost many lives. 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