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Thursday, September 3, 2020
The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay Example for Free
The length of an electrically conductive metal wire Essay The aftereffects of the test, nonetheless, don't hold fast to the immediate proportionality relationship anticipated in the speculation. In the speculation a zero an incentive for wire length is anticipated to actuate a zero an incentive for wire obstruction. Naturally, this ought to be the situation. Nonetheless, paying little mind to what straight line of relapse one inspects from the ones plotted, clearly the analysis shows the presence of electric obstruction in any event, when the wire has no length. This outcome is shown through the crossing point of the relapse bends with positive Y esteems. The zero length opposition fluctuates from 0. 02 to 0. 0578 ohms. The presence of blunders in the test, to be specific efficient ones, may help clarify the outcome. Mistakes The technique for the test contained a few blunders. A portion of those are apparent while inspecting the aftereffects of the investigation. Others are little, and didn't greatly affect the ultimate results. The most noticeable wellspring of mistake had to do with the presence of extra opposition in the circuit utilized. The metal wire utilized, since it wasnt a wire implied for electrical circuits, normally offered the best protection from flow stream. By and by, the associating wires likewise contained some unavoidable opposition. Moreover, the ammeter, and force gracefully additionally had some inward obstruction (the voltmeter did too, yet this is vital for the acquisition of precise voltage esteems). Since current moved through each one of those, the opposition esteems acquired didn't speak to exclusively the obstruction of the metal wire. This most likely clarifies the precise mistake foreshadowed in the end. The presence of opposition in different bits of mechanical assembly aside from the metal wire took into consideration the chance of obstruction in any event, when the metal wire would have no length. Another wellspring of mistake existed in the estimation of the wire length utilized in the circuit. The metal wire utilized was controlled to accept a straight structure. Notwithstanding, significantly after it was solidly appended to a table, it was not completely extended. In a portion of the cases, it might have bowed somewhat, making the complete wire length more noteworthy than what was estimated. This could have contributed some extra, and undesirable, protection from the wire. All things considered, a more drawn out wire offers more protection from current stream. Out and out, an expansion to the orderly overestimation of the obstruction of the metal wire likewise originated from this blunder source. In spite of the fact that irrelevant, some mistake could have sprung from the warming of the wire utilized. As current was permitted to move through the metal wire, molecules of the wire slammed into the electrons streaming, making the wire heat up. On the off chance that the wire werent permitted to chill off before another estimation was taken, at that point it would have represented extra protection from the resulting current streams, since obstruction ascends with temperature. Once more, the strategy utilized in this test took into account the presence of extra obstruction in the wire that was not considered. Enhancements considering the blunders noted, or for the need to consummate different examinations of a similar sort, upgrades to the technique can be advertised. Right off the bat, the mistake including the length of the metal wire could be limited in two different ways. Either a considerably more adaptable wire could be utilized for the recompense of a straighter metal wire, or a more prominent exertion could be made to extend the existent wire with the goal that it is significantly more straight. In the two different ways, the length estimated for the metal wire would be increasingly illustrative of the genuine length being utilized. Another improvement could manage limiting the presence of extra obstruction in the circuit other than that of the metal wire inspected. This should be possible in a few different ways. The interfacing wires utilized could be shorter, which means their opposition would be littler. A force flexibly and ammeter with littler inward protections could likewise be utilized. In both of the cases, extra opposition in the circuit would diminish, and the efficient blunder in obstruction limited. At long last, however not very fundamental, it is conceivable to improve the analysis by limiting obstruction contortions because of temperature increments. A basic way is hold up in any event 3 minutes between every current stream instigated through the wire. Along these lines, the entire circuit along with the wire itself would have the opportunity to chill off. Wire temperature would consequently not be a factor misshaping the opposition esteems being estimated, as it would be pretty much the equivalent in all estimations. All things considered, it might be that the contortions to obstruction esteems brought about by temperature increment are little to the point that this enhancement for the entire is useless. Another minor improvement to the technique would be the utilization of a switch. Along these lines, current stream could be started and halted on request (I. e. right away). It would be obviously important to utilize a switch that offers little obstruction. Something else, the current development of the circuit is ideal.
Saturday, August 22, 2020
A marketing plan and analysis for a fictional company
An advertising plan and investigation for an anecdotal organization The Business name is IwishU. IwishU is another E-business that permits individuals to send cakes and roses to around United Kingdom. IwishU will permit to client place request through organization site (www.iwish.com) utilizing PC and web just as a site that permits orderingâ to happen anyplace on the planet. The organization was established by Sanjaya D. Wickramanayake and I will put away my own cash and my parentsââ¬â¢ cash for this business. Achievement Factor The primary element of organization, Customer can make altered cake any way that they might want. A few people may show their enthusiasm for a specific picture from camera, others a structured picture or clients may have a welcome on their cake. Whatever client may decide,â customer can print any picture on cake.â Vision The organization will begin with a biggest vision. It is IwishU will offer clients the best blessing at the best cost and best time. Achievements Make marketable strategy. Lease a Building IwishU will purchase web area before opining Businessââ¬â¢s site must be finished one month before opening. Business will be starting after field-tested strategy finished Search motor promoting will be a progressing cost after the dispatch. IwishU will be on promoting to make the IwishU site famous in first year. IwishU plans to be productive inside the main year of business. Business Logo Product and administration The organization will make most famous cake flavors, for example, chocolate, marble, and vanilla. Anyway different flavors accessible upon demand. Cake costs start at à £35 per serving for an essential plan and flavor. Cost will depend as per the weight and size of the cake. The IwishU will make altered cakes utilizing consumable printing framework. Redone cake will cost for client à £ 60 to à £75 because of cost of the icing printing. Our flower vendors get new cut blossoms from the entire vender. The blossoms will be wrapped and conveyed with ensured quality. Cost of blosso ms start at à £30 and cost will rely upon kind of blossoms and various sizes of courses of action. Organization is going to purchase blossoms from Oasis flower item in Newcastle upon Tyne. IwishU will have a thorough site that permits orderingâ to happen anyplace. Yet, our conveyance office is accessible just inside the United Kingdom. We are conveying our cakes and blossoms utilizing Royal mail Special Delivery or DHL expedited service. Client can follow their request on the web. IwishU has condition it is Orders ought to be put in any event two days before wanted date. Conveyance cost relies upon size and weight. In the event that client sends an utilizing illustrious mail conveyance framework cost is beginning from à £ à £5.70 in any case client will pick DHL conveyance, administration cost is beginning from à £ 8.99. All requests will incorporate a welcome card as a free assistance. Market Analysis Target Audience IwishU will be focused at acquiring both the neighborhood (U K) clients and abroad clients. First objective of the IwishU is, snatch the north east clients since business will work in city of Newcastle. As indicated by (Office for National Statistics, 2010) ââ¬ËThe North East had a populace of 2.6 million in mid-2008, an expansion of 1.3 percent since 2003.ââ¬â¢ IwishU will concentrate on individuals who are utilizing in web in light of the fact that IwishU is an e-business it required PC with web association and essential PC information. As indicated by (Great Britain, National measurements, 2006) 46% percent family units with web get to. So it is acceptable market size for business. IwishU plan to advance this business in North east utilizing handouts as immediate advertising medium since individuals need printed pamphlet to bring home and read at their extra time, It help to depict our item draw up a rundown of item data and individuals anticipate that a certifiable organization should have printed deals papers in any case individual s dread purchasing an exorbitant items from an obscure online merchant.
Friday, August 21, 2020
Reading paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Understanding paper - Essay Example Be that as it may, most ladies think that its difficult to shed pounds, and on the off chance that they lose the weight, they discover it amazingly difficult to keep up a low weight. Poor taking care of propensities basically causes this. Be that as it may, this additionally applies to men. Most men battle to hold their weight under check while meaning to be progressively manly. In any case, a few men think that its open to having a lot of weight and partner weight with riches. This is generally in social orders where most rich individuals will in general be large contrasted with the destitute individuals. Weight is likewise associated with wellbeing with individuals with much weight being viewed as undesirable. An excess of weight is undesirable and ought to be stayed away from at all expense. Heftiness, which is an instance of an excessive amount of weight, causes the influenced to feel strange and brings down their confidence. Youngsters also are influenced by weight issues. Guard ians have an obligation to guarantee that their kids are of the suitable load by checking their eating regimens. Notwithstanding, the vast majority battle with weight issues, particularly the youngsters on account of the present dietary patterns. A great many people feed on inexpensive food and this is prove by the quantity of individuals in a cheap food inn whenever in towns. The present working patterns advance the undesirable eating regimens since individuals have constrained time to get ready suppers. During ends of the week and occasions, there are individuals who party more often than not and devour a lot of undesirable food. This also advances weight gain. The issue of weight reduction is influencing a high extent of the worldââ¬â¢s populace, individuals are searching for routes out to diminish and look after weight. This makes such an article essential to peruse and put on more data about weight reduction, since it influences grown-up people, yet additionally youngsters. Consistently, individuals are keeping watch for better approaches to expand fat consuming and lessen weight. The expanded worry on weight and the quest for weight reduction strategies have pulled to my advantage and caused me to pick this
Sunday, June 7, 2020
What Parents Need To Know To Help A Child Select A College
What Parents Need To Know To Help A Child Select A College by: John A. Byrne on February 06, 2015 | 0 Comments Comments 4,309 Views February 6, 2015Kelley Dean Idalene KesnerWhen Idalene Kesner was helping her high school-aged son select colleges, she insisted on one often overlooked factor. The dean of Indiana Universitys Kelley School of Business wanted to make sure that her son picked a business school with an assured admit option.It was one of several criteria she used to help guide her sons decision on which college to attend. Kesners checklist is a great resource for what parents need to know when looking through college websites and visiting campuses. You have to ask the right questions, she advises. Parents are often confused about the process. Im in the business and I know it well, but when my kids went through the process, even I found it confusing.No wonder, Kesner says that at Kelleys forthcoming Direct Admit Day later this month, some 1,600 people, including 1,000 p rospective students, have reserved seats for the Friday-through-Saturday event on Feb. 28.Besides picking a college with an assured admit option, she believes parents also need to dig deep on a schools placement statistics, the career development centers resources and involvement, as well as faculty engagement with students.YOU JUST NEVER KNOW WHEN A FRESHMAN IS GOING TO FALL DOWNBut on the insistence of an assured admit option, she felt so strongly about this that she steered her son away from one of the best undergraduate business programs in the world at the University of Virginias McIntire School of Commerce. Like many other colleges, McIntire requires already enrolled UVA students to apply only after completing at least two years and 54 hours of credits.The school assesses each applicant by their overall grade point average, grades on pre-requisite courses, the difficulty of the classes they have already taken, as well as demonstrated leadership skills. Of the 577 who applied t o McIntire last year, only 330 students got into the business program where the average GPA was 3.71.Having a direct admit program is my number one advice to parents sending their children to college because you dont know how your kid will perform in freshman year, she says. A single failing grade in one course could keep a student from majoring in business at many schools because the competition to get into many business programs is so severe.PARENT CHECKLIST: EXAMINE THOSE PLACEMENT STATISTICS CAREFULLYAfter all for many freshmen, going to college is the first time theyve lived away from home and their traditional support system. Theres no one to remind them to do their homework, attend classes, and engage in the community. You just never know when a freshman is going to fall down, she says.Applying directly gives a parent a good deal of assurance that their son or daughter will graduate with a business degreeif thats what they want to do, notes Kesner, whose son ultimately went t o Washington Universitys Olin School and started his own business upon graduation (she urged both her son and daughter to choose a school outside of Bloomington, IN, so they would experience another part of the country). Even if a student in that difficult transition year pulls lower-than-expected grades, most assured admit programs would put the student on notice before turning him or her away. At Kelley, we would put a student on probation if he doesnt do well. So if the person gets a few bad grades, he has time to fix it, she says.Parents also need to carefully examine the placement reports of a business school before sending their children to college, believes Kesner. Key questions she suggests asking: How successful is the school in placing its students? How many companies recruit on-campus? Is career services a voluntary add-on in a students senior year or it is integrated into the curriculum of the school? Page 1 of 212Ã »
Sunday, May 17, 2020
A Persuasive Thesis Statement On Youth And The Internet Essay
William Kandare Ms. Gallos English 3 May 18, 2015 A Persuasive Thesis Statement on Youth and the Internet Dangers of the Internet, Fact or Fiction? Todayââ¬â¢s youth are tomorrowââ¬â¢s leaders. They are our future. So what kind of leaders are we creating? What affects the way our children grow up today? Popular opinion today says that excessive use of the internet is damaging to the youth of the world in many ways. One of the most significant beliefs is that kids today donââ¬â¢t exercise enough because they are on the computer all the time and that this will lead to a host of serious health problems including obesity but also other types of physical damage to the body such as ââ¬Å"harmful impacts on their eyes, backs, and wristsâ⬠(Shields and Behrman). Another significant belief is that children are hurt emotionally because they become more isolated (Shields and Behrman). This would seem to imply that the future of our world was in jeopardy. But Even though spending too much time on the computer takes time away from exercise and social interactions, the popular belief that excessive use of the internet i s damaging today s youth is not accurate because the internet, including social media, allows youth to keep up with technology and its vast amounts of information while actually feeling more connected to the world, not isolated. Furthermore, this connection allows youth to participate more freely in the world around them giving them more power in the world (Castells). Much studyShow MoreRelatedImpact of Persuasive Advertisements on Consumer Buying Behavior Towards Health Related Products.1296 Words à |à 6 Pagesà à | RESEARCH PROPOSAL FORMAT | à à à | Research Title: | à | à Impact of persuasive advertisements on consumer buying behavior towards health related products. | Introduction: | à à | This thesis is about the study of consumer buying behavior towards health related product and their perceptions after watching advertisements and then make their decisions whether to purchase the product or not. This will help to find out the most important factors which can affect the buying behavior of the consumerRead MoreRhetorical Analysis : The Rhetorical Triangle 1129 Words à |à 5 Pagesapproaching essays to make my arguments persuasive. 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Traditionally, marketing co ncentrated on children items such as sweets and toys;Read MoreCyberbullying: Social Media and Its Effects2033 Words à |à 8 Pagesand coercion (Abrams, 2012). In a very similar manner, cyber bullying a form of bullying that particularly makes use of the Internet andÃâà related technologiesÃâà with the intention to hurt people in a deliberate and intimidating manner on a frequent basis. In other words, the electronic technology that includes devices as well as equipments such as phones, computers, internet, and communication techniques like social media sites, text messages, chats, and websites as the primary source that is usedRead MoreInfluences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product4796 Words à |à 20 PagesTHESIS STATEMENT Advertisements are lifeline of companies. It persuades customers to buy their product. Everyone can use advertisements but they must obey the law. There are many types of advertisement that can influence consumerââ¬â¢s attitude to buy a product. The researchers think that TV ad is the most influential type of advertisement because most people watch TV and unlike other advertisements TV ad has the ability to convey your message with sight, sound, and motion. they more accurate to influenceRead MoreStarbucks Thesis12058 Words à |à 49 PagesStarbucks BAMMC ââ¬â BA Thesis May, 2012 Corporate Social Responsibility ââ¬â A case study of Starbucksââ¬â¢ CSR communication through its corporate website Bachelor Thesis in Marketing and Management Communication Sanne Sanne Bruhn-Hansen CPR: XXXXXX-XXXX Supervisor: Tomasz A. Fediuk No. of characters: Thesis: 54,329 Abstract: 3,492 Page 1 of 42 Sanne Bruhn-Hansen Supervisor: Tomasz A. Fediuk Corporate Social Responsibility Starbucks BAMMC ââ¬â BA Thesis May, 2012 Abstract Read MoreFactors Affecting the Low Performance in National Achievement Test of Grade 6 Pupils6433 Words à |à 26 PagesNational Achievement Test. à The National Achievement Test (NAT) is administered by the Department of Education though the National Educational Testing and Research Center (NETRC) which heads on research and assessment of the education provided for our youth, specifically in the Basic Education. à National Achievement Test in a nutshell à The examination is designed to determine the studentsââ¬â¢ academic strengths and weaknesses though the five key-major subjects: Mathematics, Science, English, Filipino,Read MoreMass Media in General and Newspapers12440 Words à |à 50 Pagesheadline is a decisive factor to the fate of an article. An interesting article with a bad, unattractive headline will cost half number of possible readers. In addition, we are living in the world of mass media, mass communication with the booming of internet. We have demands to know, communicate, and exchange news and information beyond our own countries. But language difference is one of the barriers for us. So the job of translating foreign newspaper articles, especially English newspaper articlesRead MoreQualitative Research and Celebrity Endorsement24767 Words à |à 100 Pagesit of any form, majorly focuses on the young generation therefore their perception about the celebrity endorsed form of advertisement is of utmost importance, also getting to know the attitude the youth provides the knowledge of the most current incidents or attitudes of any country, hence the youth has been targeted in this research. The research undertaken on celebrity endorsement in this paper will be useful on both academic and professional platform, as it looks into the perception of IndianRead MoreDeveloping Effective Research Proposals49428 Words à |à 198 Pagesa central feature of the research world. Typically, the presentation and approval of a formal proposal is required before a piece of research can proceed. This applies to the graduate student in a university, for whom the research dissertation (or thesis) lies ahead, and for whom the approval of a research proposal is required in order to proceed with the dissertation. It applies also to the application for funds to support research, where the proposal is the vehicle by which the proposed research
Wednesday, May 6, 2020
Book Review an Inconvenient Truth - 1464 Words
Book Review An Inconvenient Truth: The Planetary Emergency of Global Warming and What We Can Do About It By Al Gore Rodale Press, 2006. 328 pp. ISBN: 1-59486-567-1, $28.95 While the issue of climate change has been given worldwide attention since the signing of the Kyoto Protocol, it has never been profoundly realized as impending or of great concern until publication of the book An Inconvenient Truth by Al Gore, former vice president and former Democratic candidate for president of the United States. Beyond his prominent political identity, Al Gore is a longtime advocate of environmental protection who organized the first Congressional hearings on global warming in the late 1970s. In his first book, Earth in the Balance, he startedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦With humor, he compares their behavior to tobacco companies that have used propaganda techniques to deny the adverse effects of smoking. He quotes Upton Sinclair to satirize the behavior of the front groups and their sponsors: ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s very hard to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on him not understanding it.â⬠In his book, Gore unreservedly denounces the Bush administration. He argues that, with ââ¬Å"100 percent agreementâ⬠among scientists, 57% of newspaper and magazine articles still question the fact of global warming. This figure, he explains, is the result of disinformation supplied by the Bush government, aiming to ignore environmental issues in order to obtain more economic profit. Gore is an effective lecturer who succeeds in arousing the readersââ¬â¢ fear and attention on the issue of environmental crisis. He provides the public an inside look at the relationship between human welfare and the ecological system. His persuasive presentation, however, conveys the message that there is no need to despair, because ââ¬Å"we can do something about thisâ⬠and we have the ability to solve this problem. He writes, ââ¬Å"Each of us can become part of the solution: in the decisions we make on what we buy, the amount of electricity we use, the cars we drive and how we live our lives.â⬠He adds that with humanShow MoreRelatedHum -102 - Week 1 - Humanities Today Paper871 Words à |à 4 PagesIntroduction Humanities allows us to look at the past, the past will allow us to see what our future holds. This paper will examine how the study of humanities is differentiated between other modes of expression. The paper will also review examples of art, music, architecture, philosophy, literature and film that reflect current socio-economics, technology and politics. Humanities Defined The study of humanity provides insight into how humans have developed culturally. 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Pneumothorax Springer International Publishing
Question: Write about thePneumothorax for Springer International Publishing. Answer: Introduction Pneumothorax is a condition in which there is uncoupling of lung from chest wall manifested as a result of abnormal air collection in the pleural space (Porpodis et al. 2014). It can occur as a result of trauma or can occur spontaneously. The common signs and symptoms of pneumothorax are shortness of breath and sudden onset of one-sided, sharp pain. In some cases, when there is a region of damaged tissue, the amount of air increases in the chest and a one-way valve is formed called tension pneumothorax. It can lead to serious low blood pressure and oxygen shortage. It is called collapsed lung or atelectasis. In the given case study, Mr. Leigh Richards is a 39 year old man who was admitted to the hospital after he met a high speed rally car accident hitting a tree and had left humerus fractured, subdural haematoma, left tibia and fibula and left pneumothorax. He was trapped in the car by cabin intrusion that caused pinning of his leg. The following essay deals with the understanding o f the pathophysiology, pharmacology and signs and symptoms of pneumothorax through Leigh Richardss case. Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax In the given case scenario, Leigh Richard was a restrained passenger in a rally car. He met an accident after the rally car hit the tree as he was driving at a high speed on a dirt road. He was trapped in the car by the cabin intrusion that resulted in pinning of the leg. The car was cut in order to free his leg and allowed for the inline extrication. After the accident, he was rushed to the emergency department in a dismantled state. The X-rays revealed that he had multiple fractures in his left humerus, tibia and fibula, small subdural hematoma and left pneumothorax. Pneumothorax in Leigh is manifested as a result of the blunt chest injury after the high speed rally car accident. The blunt trauma force that occurred due to the accident and the air might have pushed on the outer side and resulted in collapse of the lung that resulted in left pneumothorax or collapsed lung condition in Leigh. In Leighs case, air in the pleural space is a result of the blunt trauma injury that caused lung collapse in him. It had resulted from a penetrating or blunt trauma to the chest wall (Kirmani and Page 2014). The accident in the case scenario might have resulted in exposed to blasts where there is no such apparent injury to the chest, however, resulted in lung tissue damage. Pneumothorax in Leigh could have occurred due to the blunt trauma injury at the ribs that might have resulted in rib fracture. The thoracic cavity space inside the chest contains the heart, lungs and major blood vessels. The pleural membrane covers the lung surface and lining of the inside chest wall. The layers are separated with the help of serous fluid that acts as a lubricant. Moreover, low pressure is maintained that does not allow the air to enter the pleural space and also there is low pressure of the bloodstream gases. The accident resulted in pneumothorax that developed in Leigh due to the entry of air in to the pleural space damaging the chest wall or the lung (Aziz et al. 2016). Tension pneumothorax is a worsened condition in which there is significant impairment of blood circulation or respiration. This condition generally occurs due to trauma where the air is leaked into the chest cavity by the lungs and result in chest compression including the vessels that return to the heart with blood (Roberts et al. 2015). Chest pain and acute respiratory distress occur in the initial stages. In clinical situations, resuscitation, ventilation or trauma takes place and in such situations, under water sealed drains (UWSDs) are inserted. These are commonly called chest drains that allow draining the blood, fluid or air from the pleural spaces so that there is proper expansion of lungs and restoration of the negative pressures in the thoracic cavity. This underwater seal also helps to prevent the fluid or gas backflow into the pleural cavity. This chest drain management is important to restore the normal respiratory function and stability. UWSDs are three chambered that c onsists of suction control, water seal and drainage collection. They also aid in removing the fluid or air from the pleural cavity as well as backflow into the pleural space (Inocencio et al. 2017). Signs and Symptoms The common signs and symptoms of pneumothorax are sudden onset of chest pain, shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, rapid breathing, cough and fatigue in rare cases. Among all symptoms, acute chest pain and shortness of breath is manifested in almost 64-85% of the patients suffering from pneumothorax (Roberts et al. 2014). When Leigh was rushed to the emergency department after the accident, he was witnessed to have shortness of breath and chest tightness. He was unable to speak and faced difficulty in speaking long sentences. He was drowsy and disoriented at the time of admission at the emergency department. This condition occurred in Leigh as the normal intrapleural pressure is revered after the blast trauma injury. Shortness of breath and chest tightness and pain are the common clinical signs and symptoms of pneumothorax (Harvey, J.J., Harvey and Belli 2016). Shortness of breath or dyspnoea occurs mainly due to the increase in pressure in the lungs that prevents the expansion of lungs during breathing. This resulted in shortness of breath and chest tightness as the two common signs and symptoms in Leigh manifested as a result of pneumothorax. Due to the blast traumatic injury that resulted in left pneumothorax in Leigh caused shortness of breath in him. There was build up of fluid between the pleural space that is the chest wall and the lungs. The amount of fluid increased in the pleural space and that exerted pressure against the lungs that made in its collapse. This restricted the lungs from expanding leading to difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath in Leigh (McDonald Johnston and Ballard 2015). Chest pain or tightness is Leigh was a clear manifestation of the blast traumatic chest injury. This resulted in clear, acute chest tightness in him and he was unable to speak long sentences at the time of admission at the emergency department. This chest pain or tightness occurred as he was about to breathe as there is a lot of trapped fluid in the pleural cavity and between the lungs. During inspiration, the chest pain worsens and a sharp, stabbing pain occurs at one side of the chest in Leigh (Ying et al. 2016). Link Between Pathophysiology and Pharmacology In the context of diagnosis and treatment, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and pharmacology of a disease and the related theory. In the case study of Leigh, there is pathophysiological theory that is linked to pneumothorax. This occurred as there is reversal in the normal pleural pressure due to the blast trauma injury in Leigh (Mazzaferro 2015). Firstly, for the treatment, Leigh was given UWSD as it helped to drain the fluid from the pleural space and allowed to expand lungs and restore the negative pressure in the thoracic cavity (Russell, King and Coventry 2014). This underwater seal also prevented the backflow of fluid into the pleural cavity. This chest drain was inserted in him to avoid the tension pneumothorax to occur and relief him when he arrived at the emergency department. Leigh suffered a blast trauma injury that resulted in pneumothorax and he was given the chest drainage. An ORIF surgery was performed as he had fracture on his left tibula and fibia. Two intercostals drain was inserted that was attached to the underwater sealed drains. Moreover, the lower drain was draining serous fluid from his lung and the draining of the air was done by the other tube, however, there were only intermittent bubble from the tube. He also had neurological fluctuations which improved with time (McKnight et al. 2016). Fentanyl was administered to him as it is an opioid analgesic that helped him to relieve pain after the surgery. The severe fracture in Leighs left leg might have resulted in intense pain and fentanyl relieved him from pain. This also helped to reduce the morbidity in him. It is an anti-inflammatory drug that relieves pain and inflammation. PCA was administered to Leigh as it is a controlled analgesic after surgery. It is a good pain reliever for relieving pain in Leigh. It also prevents the risk for respiratory infection and he is able to breathe properly (Dhamrait and Tumber 2017). IV normal saline 64mLs/hr was also given to him to maintain the osmotic pressure, electrolyte balance, fluid and control of balance. It acts as a source of electrolytes and water. Conclusion Pneumothorax is the condition where there is abnormal air collection in the pleural space that causes collapse of the lung resulting from uncoupling from the chest wall. The patient, Leigh Richards was diagnosed with left pneumothorax after the blast trauma injury. The common symptoms of pneumothorax are shortness of breath and chest tightness or pain that is illustrated in Leigh. The pathophysiology and pharmacology of pneumothorax is understood through the case study of Leigh. Moreover, identifying clinical complications and pathophysiology helps to identify the efficacy of the treatment in him. 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